Glen A. Wilson High School
International Baccalaureate Program
Physiology IB
INTRODUCTION:
The structures and functions of the human organism intertwine with each other and with the external environment in wonderful and delicate balance of homeostatic mechanisms. This course explores this balance as a theme through the study of the Anatomy and Physiology of the body’s systems: Integumentary, skeletal muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive. It is necessary to understand the form and function of each system and the relationship of the mechanism of each system to the function of the whole organism. Feedback mechanisms are in place to coordinate and regulate the interrelationships within and between the systems. Disorders which cause stress and pathology which disrupt these systems and life processes are discussed as factors disturbing homeostasis. Together these concepts can create a realization for the student of the beauty of life and an appreciation of how delicate it is.
OBJECTIVES:
Define anatomy, with its subdivisions, and physiology.
Define each of the following levels of structural organization that make up the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organisms.
Identify the principal systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and describe the function of each system.
List and define several important life processes of humans.
Define the anatomical position and compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the body.
Define several directional terms and anatomical planes used in association with the human body.
List by name and location the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them.
Describe the principle and importance of selected medical imaging techniques in the diagnosis of disease.
Define homeostasis and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis.
Define a feedback system and explain its role in homeostasis.
Define a cell and list its principal parts.
Explain the structure of the plasma (cell) membrane and describe how materials move across it.
Describe the structure and functions of the following cellular: cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, agranular and granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, paroxisomes, cytoskeleton centrioles, flagella, cilia.
distinguish between a cellular inclusion and extracellular material.
Define a gene and explain the sequence of events involved In protein synthesis.
Discuss the stages, events, and significance of somatic and reproductive cell division.
Describe cancer (CA) as a homeostatic imbalance of cells.
Define a tissue and classify the tissues of the body into four major types.
Compare the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial and connective tissues.
List the structure, location, and function for the following types of epithelium: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal stratified columnar, transitional, and pseudostratified columnar.
Define a gland and distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
Discuss the intercellular substance, fibers, and cells that constitute connective tissue.
List the structure, function, and location of loose (areolar) connective tissue; adipose tissue; dense, elastic, and reticular connective tissue; cartilage; osseous (bone) tissue; and vascular (blood) tissue.
Describe the structure and functions of the skin.
Explain the basis for skin color.
Outline the steps involved in epidermal wound healing and deep wound healing.
Explain the role of the skin in helping to regulate the homeostasis of normal body temperature.
Discuss the components and functions of the skeletal system.
Describe the histological features of compact and spongy bone tissue.
Define an articulation and identify the factors that determine the types and degree (range) of movement at a joint.
Contrast the structure, kind of movement, and location of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
Discuss and compare the movements possible at various synovial joints.
Describe the causes and symptoms of common joint disorders.
Contrast the steps involves in Intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Describe the processes of bone construction and destruction involved in the homeostasis of bone remodeling.
Describe the conditions necessary for normal bone growth and replacement.
Define a fracture, describe several kinds of fractures, and describe the sequence of events involved in fracture repair.
Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements.
Define lever and fulcrum and compare three classes of levers on the basis of placement of fulcrum, effort, and resistance.
Identify arrangements of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Relate the to strength of contraction & range of movement.
Discuss most body movements as activities of groups of muscles.
Compare the location, microscopic appearance, functions, and regenerative capacities of the three kinds of muscle tissue.
Describe the principal events associated with the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction.
Describe the structure and importance of a neuromuscular junction and a motor unit.
Define the all-or-none principle of muscular contraction.
Identify the three basic functions of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis.
Classify the organs of the nervous system into central and peripheral divisions.
Describe the histological characteristics and functions of neuroglia and neuron.
List the sequence of events involved In the generation and conduction of a nerve impulse.
Define the all-or-none principle of nerve impulse transmission.
Discuss the factors that determine the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
Define a synapse and list the factors involved in the conduction of a nerve impulse across a synapse.
List the necessary conditions for the regeneration of nervous tissue.
Explain the organization of neurons in the nervous system.
Describe how neural tissue is grouped.
Describe the protection, gross anatomical features, and cross-sectional structure of the spinal cord.
List the location, origin, termination, and function of the principal ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord.
Describe the components of a reflex arc and its relationship to homeostasis.
Identify the principal parts of the brain and describe how the brain is protected.
Explain the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Compare the structure and functions of the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum.
Identify the principal structural features of the autonomic nervous system.
Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in terms of structure, physiology.
Explain the relationship between biofeedback and meditation and the autonomic nervous system.
Locate the receptors for olfaction and describe the neural pathway for smell.
Identify the gustatory receptors and describe the neural pathway for taste.
List and describe the structural divisions of the eye.
Discuss retinal image formation.
Describe the anatomical subdivisions of the ear.
List the principal events in the physiology of hearing and in maintaining equilibrium.
Discuss the functions of the endocrine system in maintaining homeostasis.
Describe the control of hormonal secretions via feedback cycles and give several examples.
Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the following endocrine glands:
Explain the effects of exercise and aging on the cardiovascular system.
Contrast the general roles of blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid in maintaining homeostasis.
Define the principal physical characteristics of blood and the functions of its various components.
List the components of plasma and explain their importance.
Identify the stages involved in blood clotting and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting.
Explain ABO and Rh blood grouping.
Describe the structure and functions of the chambers, great vessels, and valves of the heart.
Explain the structural and functional features of the conduction system of the heart.
Describe the principal events of a cardiac cycle.
Explain the various factors that affect heart rate and cardiac output (GO).
List the risk factors involved in heart disease.
Describe the mechanism that regulates food intake.
Identify the organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the accessory organs of digestion and their functions.
Describe the mechanical movements of the gastrointestinal tract.
Explain how digestive secretions are regulated.
Define absorption and explain how the end products of digestion are absorbed.
Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions.
Explain the structure and function of the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membranes the diffusion of respiratory gases.
Describe the events involved in inspiration and expiration.
Explain how respiratory gases are carried by blood.
Describe the various factors that control the rate of respiration.
Identify the external and internal gross anatomical features of the kidneys.
Define the structural adaptations of a Nephron for urine formation.
Discuss the process of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
Discuss the structure and physiology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
List and describe the physical characteristics and normal chemical constituents of urine.
Define reproduction and classify the organs of reproduction by function.
Explain the structure, histology, and functions of the ducts, accessory sex glands, and penis.
Describe the location, histology, and functions of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands.
Compare the principal events of the menstrual and ovarian cycles.
Explain the symptoms and causes of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes
Glen A. Wilson High School
International Baccalaureate Program
Physiology IB
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology - IB: 5.5.1, 5.5.3, 12.1.1, H.1.1, H.1.2, H.1.3,
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined
- Levels of Structural Organization
- Life Processes
- Anatomical Position and Regional Terms
- Directional Terms
- Body Cavities
- Homeostasis Defined.
- Stress and Homeostasis
- Homeostasis and Disease
- Extracellular Fluid
- Intracellular Fluid
- Chemical level of Organization: Review for the study of Anatomy and Physiology
- Elements
- Periodic Table Reviewed
2.3 Structure of Atoms
2.4 Bonding
2.5 Chemical Reactions: Anabolism, Catabolism
2.6 Energy and Chemical Reactions
2.7 Inorganic Compounds: Water, Acids, Bases, Salts, pH, Buffer Systems
2.8 Organic compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, ATP
3. Cellular Level Organization: Review for Anatomy and Physiology - IB: 11.1.2, 11.1.8
- The human Cell as an Animal Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Chemistry and Structure: Fluid-Mosaic Model
- Movement of Materials: Passive and Active Transport
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles: Structure and Physiology
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Complex
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Flagella and Cilia
- Cell Inclusions
- Genes and Chromosomes
- Protein Synthesis, Transcription, Translation
- Cell division: Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Meiosis
4. Tissue Level of Organization
- Definition of Tissue and Description of Types of Tissues
- Histology
- Epithelial Tissue
- Covering and Lining Epithelium
- Arrangement of Layers
- Cell Shapes: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional
- Classification: Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
- Glandular Epithelium
- Connective Tissue
- Types and Classification
- Adult
- Embryonic
- Membranes
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
5. Integumentary System
- Skin
- Wound Healing
- Hair, Glands, Nails
- Homeostasis of Temperature
- Aging
- disorders: Acne, Psoriasis, Sunburn, Skin Cancer, Burns
6. Skeletal System - IB: 14.2.1, 14.2.2, 14.2.3, 14.2.4,
- The Human Skeleton: Structure and Function: Axial skeleton, Apendicular Skeleton
- Articulations
- Histology: Compact Bone, Spongy Bone
- Physiology of Ossification: Intramembranous, Endochondral
- Physiology of bone Growth
- Homeostasis of Remodeling
- Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances: Osteoporosis, Vitamin Deficiencies, Rickets, Paget’s Disease, Fractures
- Medical Test: Bone Scan
7. Muscular System - IB: 5.5.3. 14.1.6, 14.2.2, 14.2.5, 14.2.6,
- Characteristics: Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
- Functions: Motion (reflex and voluntary), Posture, Heat production
- Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Histology of Muscle
- Other Components: Nerves, Blood, Connective Tissue
- Anatomy and Physiology of Contraction
- Sliding-filament Theory
- Neuromuscular Junction
- Motor Unit
- Energy of Contraction
- All-or-None Principle
- Types of Contractions: Twitch, Tetanus, Treppe, Isometric, Isotonic
- Muscle Tone
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Smooth Muscle Tissue
- Homeostasis: Oxygen Debt, Muscle Fatigue, Heat Production
- Disorders: Fibrosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis, Tendonitis
- Anatomy and Physiology of Movement
- Levers
- Origin and Insertion
- Gross Anatomy of Muscle Groups
- Nervous System - IB: 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.5, 14.1.1, 14.1.2, 14.1.3, 14.1.4, 14.1.5, 14.1.6, 14.2.2, H.1.4, E.2.2, E.3.2, E.3.3, E.3.4,
E.3.5, E.3.6, E.6.1, E.6.2, E.6.3, E.6.3, E.6.4, E.6.5, E.7.1, E.7.2, E.7.3, E.7.4,
8.1. Introduction: Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous system
8.2 Histology: Neurons (Structure, Classification, Functions)
- Physiology of nerve Impulses: Membrane Potentials, Excitability, All-or-None
Response, Speed of Impulses,
8.4 Conduction across Synapses
8.5 Neurotransmitters
8.6 Stimulus-Response
- Central Nervous System - Brain
- Principal Parts
- Protection and Coverings
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Brain Stem: Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
- Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus
- Cerebrum: Lobes, Hemispheres, White matter, Gray matter, Functional Areas
- Cerebellum
- Cranial nerves
- Central Nervous System - Spinal Cord
- Types of Neural tissue
- Protection and Coverings
- Cross section
- Reflex Arc
8.9 Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems
- Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances: Epilepsy, Tumors, Polio, Cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s, Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Headache
9 Special Senses - IB: E.2.1, E.2.2, E.2.3, E.2.4, E.2.5, E.2.6, E.2.7, E.3.7,
- Olfactory sensations
- Structure of Receptors
- Physiology
9.2 Gustatory Sensations
- Structure of Receptors
- Physiology
9.3 Visual Sensations
- Structure of the Eyeball
- Image formation
- auditory sensations
- Structure of Ear
- Hearing
- Balance
- Disorders: Homeostatic imbalances: Glaucoma, Cataract
- Behavior - E.1.1, E.1.2, E.1.3, 3.1.4, E.1.5, E.1.6, E.3.8, E.3.9, E.3.10, E.3.11, E.4.1, E.4.2, E.4.3, E.4.4, E.4.5, E.4.6, E.4.7, E.4.8,
10.1 E.5.1, E.5.2, E.5.3, E.5.4
10.2 Define behavior: pattern of activity of organism in response to stimuli
- Stimulus/response
- Complexity of organism determines complexity of behavior pattern
- Reflexes
- Instincts: set of complicated responses to stimulus or stimuli - Releaser
- Bird Migration - Instinctive basis, but learned component
- Courtship Behavior
- Biological Clocks
- Motivation
- Punishment and Reward
- Conditioning
- Imprinting
- Insight
- Communication
- Social Behavior
- Hierarchies
- Territoriality
11. Endocrine System - IB: 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.6., H.1.4, H.1.5
- Glands
- Hormones
- Feedback
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Adrenals
- Pancreas
- Ovaries and Testes
12. Cardiovascular System: Blood - IB: 5.2.5, 5.2.6, 5.2.7, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 5.3.5, 5.3.6, 5.5.2, H.4.5
12.1 Physical characteristics of Blood
12.2 functions of Blood
- Components of Blood: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes, Plasma
- Homeostasis
- Grouping and Typing: ABO, Rh
- Interstitial Fluid and lymph
- Lymphatic System and Immunity
- Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances: Anemia, Leukemia, Aids
- Immune System response - IB: 12.1.1, 12.1.2, 12.1.3, 12.1.4, 12.1.5, 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.2.3, 12.2.4, 12.2.5, 12.2.6, 12.2.6,
12.2.7, 12.2.8, 1.2.2.9, 12.2.10, 12.2.11,
- Define immunity
- Barriers to pathogens
- Immune System: Structure and Function
- Antigen and antibody
- Lymphocytes
- Thymus gland
- T cell, B cells, Macrophages, Helper T cells, Suppresser T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, memory cells
- Lymph nodes and Lymphatic system
- Plasma cells, clone, agglutination
- complement
- Passive and Active Immunity; Vaccines, Antiserum, interferon
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Aids
- Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances
- Cardiovascular System: Heart and Vessels - IB: 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.4, 5.2.7, 5.5.3, H.5.1, H.5.2, H.5.3, H.5.4,
H.5.5,
- H.5.7
- Location of Heart
- Pericardium
- Chambers
- Vessels
- Valves
- Blood Supply
- Conduction System
- Cardiac Cycle
- Physiology of Cardiac Output
- Autonomic Control of Heart rate
- Diagnosis of Heart Disorders: ECG
- Arteries
- Veins
- Blood Pressure
- Lymphatic System: Functions and Relationship to Cardiovascular System
- Disorders: Homeostatic imbalances: Coronary Heart and Artery Disease
15. Digestive System - IB: 5.5.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.3, 5.1.4, 5.1.5, 5.1.6, 5.1.7, 5.1.8, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.3, H.2.1, H.2.2, H.2.3, H.2.4, H.2.5,
- H.2.6, H.2.7, H.2.8, H.2.9, H.2.10, H.2.11, H.3.1, H.3.2, H.3.3, H.3.4, H.4.1, H.4.2, H.4.3, H.4.5, H.4.6
- Definition and Need for Digestive System: Evolutionary Perspective
- Structure of Digestive System as a Whole
- Mouth (Oral Cavity)
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Anatomy
- Physiology of Digestion:
- Regulation of Gastric Secretion: Feedback Control
- Liver: Relate Functions to other systems
- Gallbladder
15.9 Small Intestine: Digestion, Absorption
- Anatomy
- Physiology of Digestion: Secretion, Feedback, Nervous Control, Hormonal Control.
- Physiology of Absorption
- Pancreas
- Colon
- Anatomy
- Histology
- Absorption and Feces Formation
15.12 Disorders: Ulcers, Appendicitis, Tumors, Hepatitis
16. Respiratory System - IB: 5.4.1, 5.4.2, 5.4.3. 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 5.4.6, 5.4.7, 5.5.3, H.6.1, H.6.2, H.6.3, H.6.4, H.6.5, H.6.6, H.6.7,
- Anatomy of Respiratory System: Lungs, Alveoli, etc.
- Gas exchange through alveoli
- Interrelationship between Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
- Organs: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli
- Physiology of Respiration
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pulmonary Air Volumes and Capacities
- Exchange of Respiratory Gases: Charles’ Law, Dalton’s Law, Henry’s Law
- Physiology of External Respiration
- Physiology of Internal Respiration
- Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances: Lung Cancer, Bronchitis, Emphysema
Pneumonia TB
- Excretory System - Urinary System - IB: 5.5.7, 5.5.8, 5.5.9, 15.1.1, 15.1.2, 15.1.3, 15.2.1, 15.2.2, 15.2.3, 15.2.3,
15.2.4, 15.2.5, 15.2.6, 15.2.7,
- Homeostasis
- Kidneys
- Anatomy
- Nephron
- Physiology
- Hemodialysis
- Ureters
17.5 Urinary Bladder
17.6 Urethra
- Urine: Characteristics, Composition
- Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances: Gout, Urinary Tract Infections
- Reproductive Systems - IB: 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.4, 5.6.5, 5.6.5, 5.6.7, 5.6.8, 5.6.9, 5.6.10, 5.6.11, 5.6.12, 5.6.13, 5.6.14,
5.5.15, 11.1.1, 1.1.2, 11.1.3, 11.1.4, 11.1.5, 1.1.6, 11.1.7, 11.1.8, 11.2.1, 11.2.2, 11.2.3,
18.1 Male Reproductive System: Structure and Physiology
- Scrotum
- Testes: Spermatogenesis, Spermatozoa, Testosterone, Puberty
- Ducts: Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Urethra
- Semen: Vessels and Glands
- Penis
- Spermatogenesis
18.2 Female Reproductive System: Structure and Physiology
- Ovaries: Oogenesis
- Fallopian Tubes
- Uterus
- Puberty
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Mammary Glands
- Oogenisis
- Endocrine System: Menstruation and Ovarian Cycle
- Fertilization and Development of embryo.
- In vitro fertilization, cloning
- Ethics and Morality
- Birth Control
- Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Testicular
Cancer, Prostate problems, Ovarian Cysts, Cervical Cancer
Glen A. Wilson High School
International Baccalaureate Program
Physiology IB
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:
- Lectures, Laboratory Investigations, Computer Aided Lessons, Computer Labs, Group Activities, Individual Investigation, Individual and Group Research, Lab Report: analysis of data, comparison, conclusion, Discussions, Biological Illustration, Research Papers
EVALUATION:
- Unit Tests and Quizzes, Laboratory and Class Notebooks, Lab Reports, Discussion Participation, Lab Performance, Activity Packets, Text Questions, Biological Illustrations
TEXT BOOKS:
- Tortora, Gerard, and Anagnostkos, Nicholas Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 6th &7th ed. New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1990
- Donnelly, Patricia and Wistreich, George Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1990
SPECIAL ACTIVITIES:
- Field Trip to UCLA Medical School (Yearly Trip): Meet with Head of Anatomy Department, Gross Anatomy Lab (Cadavore), Cardiac Research, Medical Imaging, Diagnostic Labs, Meet with Medical Student.
- Field Trip
to Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles (Proposed)
- CPR Training
(Yearly): Official CPR Training arranged especially for this class. Each student receives CPR card
- Guest speaker
: Dialysis Treatment (Yearly)
COMPUTER LAB:
- A new computer lab is in process of being acquired for this classroom. Labs will then be conducted through computers such as (Experiments taken from "PASCO"): The role of Buffers in Biological Systems, Catalyst Activity, Exercise and Pulse Rate, Energy Content of Foods, Glycolysis, Membrane Permeability, Organisms and pH, Regulation of Body Heat,
Glen A. Wilson High School
International Baccalaureate Program
Physiology IB
OBJECTIVES:
- Define anatomy, with its subdivisions, and physiology.
- Define each of the following levels of structural organization that make up the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organisms.
- Identify the principal systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and describe the function of each system.
- List and define several important life processes of humans.
- Define the anatomical position and compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the body.
- Define several directional terms and anatomical planes used in association with the human body. 7. List by name and location the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them.
- Describe the principle and importance of selected medical imaging techniques in the diagnosis of disease.
- Define homeostasis and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis.
- Define a feedback system and explain its role in homeostasis.
- Define a cell and list its principal parts.
- Explain the structure of the plasma (cell) membrane and describe how materials move across it.
- Describe the structure and functions of the following cellular: cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, agranular and granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, paroxisomes, cytoskeleton centrioles, flagella, cilia.
- distinguish between a cellular inclusion and extracellular material.
- Define a gene and explain the sequence of events involved In protein synthesis.
- Discuss the stages, events, and significance of somatic and reproductive cell division.
- Describe cancer (CA) as a homeostatic imbalance of cells.
- Define a tissue and classify the tissues of the body into four major types.
- Compare the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial and connective tissues.
- List the structure, location, and function for the following types of epithelium: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal stratified columnar, transitional, and pseudostratified columnar.
- Define a gland and distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
- Discuss the intercellular substance, fibers, and cells that constitute connective tissue.
- List the structure, function, and location of loose (areolar) connective tissue; adipose tissue; dense, elastic, and reticular connective tissue; cartilage; osseous (bone) tissue; and vascular (blood) tissue.
- Describe the structure and functions of the skin.
- Explain the basis for skin color.
- Outline the steps involved in epidermal wound healing and deep wound healing.
- Explain the role of the skin in helping to regulate the homeostasis of normal body temperature.
- Discuss the components and functions of the skeletal system.
- Describe the histological features of compact and spongy bone tissue.
- Define an articulation and identify the factors that determine the types and degree (range) of movement at a joint.
- Contrast the structure, kind of movement, and location of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
- Discuss and compare the movements possible at various synovial joints.
- Describe the causes and symptoms of common joint disorders.
- Contrast the steps involves in Intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
- Describe the processes of bone construction and destruction involved in the homeostasis of bone remodeling.
- Describe the conditions necessary for normal bone growth and replacement.
- Define a fracture, describe several kinds of fractures, and describe the sequence of events involved in fracture repair.
- Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements.
- Define lever and fulcrum and compare three classes of levers on the basis of placement of fulcrum, effort, and resistance.
- Identify arrangements of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Relate the to strength of contraction & range of movement.
- Discuss most body movements as activities of groups of muscles.
- Compare the location, microscopic appearance, functions, and regenerative capacities of the three kinds of muscle tissue.
- Describe the principal events associated with the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction.
- Describe the structure and importance of a neuromuscular junction and a motor unit.
- Define the all-or-none principle of muscular contraction.
- Identify the three basic functions of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis.
- Classify the organs of the nervous system into central and peripheral divisions.
- Describe the histological characteristics and functions of neuroglia and neuron.
- List the sequence of events involved In the generation and conduction of a nerve impulse.
- Define the all-or-none principle of nerve impulse transmission.
- Discuss the factors that determine the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
- Define a synapse and list the factors involved in the conduction of a nerve impulse across a synapse.
- List the necessary conditions for the regeneration of nervous tissue.
- Explain the organization of neurons in the nervous system.
- Describe how neural tissue is grouped.
- Describe the protection, gross anatomical features, and cross-sectional structure of the spinal cord.
- List the location, origin, termination, and function of the principal ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord.
- Describe the components of a reflex arc and its relationship to homeostasis.
- Identify the principal parts of the brain and describe how the brain is protected.
- Explain the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
- Compare the structure and functions of the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum.
- Identify the principal structural features of the autonomic nervous system.
- Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in terms of structure, physiology.
- Explain the relationship between biofeedback and meditation and the autonomic nervous system.
- Locate the receptors for olfaction and describe the neural pathway for smell.
- Identify the gustatory receptors and describe the neural pathway for taste.
- List and describe the structural divisions of the eye.
- Discuss retinal image formation.
- Describe the anatomical subdivisions of the ear.
- List the principal events in the physiology of hearing and in maintaining equilibrium.
- Discuss the functions of the endocrine system in maintaining homeostasis.
- Describe the control of hormonal secretions via feedback cycles and give several examples.
- Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the following endocrine glands:
- Explain the effects of exercise and aging on the cardiovascular system.
- Contrast the general roles of blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid in maintaining homeostasis.
- Define the principal physical characteristics of blood and the functions of its various components.
- List the components of plasma and explain their importance.
- Identify the stages involved in blood clotting and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting.
- Explain ABO and Rh blood grouping.
- Describe the structure and functions of the chambers, great vessels, and valves of the heart.
- Explain the structural and functional features of the conduction system of the heart.
- Describe the principal events of a cardiac cycle.
- Explain the various factors that affect heart rate and cardiac output (GO).
- List the risk factors involved in heart disease.
- Describe the mechanism that regulates food intake.
- Identify the organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the accessory organs of digestion and their functions.
- Describe the mechanical movements of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Explain how digestive secretions are regulated.
- Define absorption and explain how the end products of digestion are absorbed.
- Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions.
- Explain the structure and function of the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane the diffusion of respiratory gases.
- Describe the events involved in inspiration and expiration.
- Explain how respiratory gases are carried by blood.
- Describe the various factors that control the rate of respiration.
- Identify the external and internal gross anatomical features of the kidneys.
- Define the structural adaptations of a Nephron for urine formation.
- Discuss the process of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
- Discuss the structure and physiology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- List and describe the physical characteristics and normal chemical constituents of urine.
- Define reproduction and classify the organs of reproduction by function.
- Explain the structure, histology, and functions of the ducts, accessory sex glands, and penis.
- Describe the location, histology, and functions of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands.
- Compare the principal events of the menstrual and ovarian cycles.
- Explain the symptoms and causes of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes